DFA (detrended fluctuation analysis) alpha 1 is an HRV (heart rate variability) based aerobic and anaerobic threshold estimation method. It only requires a heart rate monitor that tracks HRV data. It has the potential to track your thresholds automatically without dedicated test workouts. Important: it will require users to have additional heart rate monitor like chest strap Polar H10 to measure HRV during workouts. Apple Watch measures heart beats when calm i.e. not working out. References: Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability: A New Biomarker for Intensity Distribution in Endurance Exercise and Training Prescription - Thomas Gronwald, Bruce Rogers, Olaf Hoos - Front. Physiol. 2020. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.550572/full A New Detection Method Defining the Aerobic Threshold for Endurance Exercise and Training Prescription Based on Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability - Bruce Rogers, David Giles, Nick Draper, Olaf Hoos, Thomas Gronwald - Front. Physiol. 2021. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2020.596567/full Detection of the Anaerobic Threshold in Endurance Sports: Validation of a New Method Using Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability - Bruce Rogers, David Giles, Nick Draper, Laurent Mourot, Thomas Gronwald - J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021. https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/6/2/38 Influence of Artefact Correction and Recording Device Type on the Practical Application of a Non-Linear Heart Rate Variability Biomarker for Aerobic Threshold Determination - Bruce Rogers, David Giles, Nick Draper, Laurent Mourot, Thomas Gronwald - Sensors 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530473/